Scientific study

Scientific study

Scientific study is a category of study that includes physical situations, scientific models, experiments, and scientific theory.

Science,

A systematic process that develops and arranges information into universe-related explanations and predictions that can be put to the test is known as science. Two main principles of science are that the universe exists according to laws and order (determinism) and that these laws are discoverable.

These are the three main goals of science,

Understanding,
Prediction,
Control

Scientific method,

A collection of methods for exploring events that are according to the rules of logic and reasoning and based on empirical or quantifiable evidence.

Four principal of the scientific method by which we gain knowledge are,

Information from authorities.
Personal experiences.
The logical reasoning of rationalism.
The systematic observations of empiricism.

Characteristics of the scientific method

The scientific method is characterized by empirical referents, repeatability, replicability, systematic investigation, and falsifiability.

Empirical referents are quantifiable techniques to show that the concept is present (Walker & Avant, 2005). Although there are no measurements for overcoming, there are measurements for related constructs that may be used to quantify the process and its result.
Repeatability is a measurement of a method’s capacity to produce consistent outcomes across numerous preparations of the same sample. The sole variable in this determination is the number of sample preparations, which is done by a single analyst.
Replicability, the idea of a self-correcting science, is based on the simplistic view of science as an impartial process that incorporates new knowledge and revises worldviews in light of the facts at hand. The old beliefs are replaced by new beliefs when new knowledge indicates that the old ideas are incorrect.
Systematic investigation, in a systematic investigation, data is collected or analyzed to address a particular question. Both operational and research investigations use systematic investigations to verify findings.
Falsifiability, Falsifiability is the ability to reject a claim, statement, theory, or hypothesis.

Observational study,

An observational study relies solely on the researcher’s observations to respond to a research topic. There are no control or treatment groups, and there is no intervention with or manipulation of the research participants.

These studies can be applied to both exploratory and explanatory research because they are frequently qualitative in character. Although they do exist, quantitative observational studies are less prevalent.

Real scientific, medical, and social science sectors typically use observational research. This is frequently because the researcher can’t carry out a conventional experiment because of ethical or practical considerations. However, the absence of control and treatment groups makes it challenging to draw conclusions, and there is a chance that confounding factors and observer bias will have an adverse effect on your analysis.

Randomized controlled Study,

a research strategy that divides participants into control or experimental groups at random. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), the outcome variable under examination is the only difference predicted between the control and experimental groups at the time the study is undertaken. This kind of scientific experiment, frequently conducted in the medical area, where the subjects are randomly assigned to receive one of several treatments, is called a “randomized controlled study.”

References:

Lammers, W. J., & Badia, P. (2005). Fundamentals of Behavioral Research. Thomson/Wadsworth.
Luk, R. W. P. (2017). “A theory of scientific study”. Foundations of Science. 22 (1): 11–38. doi:10.1007/s10699-015-9435-x
George, T. (2022, December 2). What Is an Observational Study? | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/observational-study/
Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for theory construction in nursing. 4. Pearson Prentice Hall; Upper Saddle River, NJ: 2005.